https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54183948Mozambique's jihadists and the 'curse' of gas and rubies...
For 15 years, Mozambique's GDP rose by more than 6% a year, largely thanks to coal, titanium, hydro-electricity and other natural resources. Yet the majority of people did not benefit; poverty and inequality both increased.
Discoveries of a huge ruby deposit and a giant gas field in Cabo Delgado in 2009-10, raised hopes of jobs and a better life for many local people, but those hopes were soon dashed.
It was alleged that any benefits were being taken by a small elite in the Frelimo party, which has governed Mozambique since independence in 1975.
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Cabo Delgado is majority Muslim and the new Islamist preachers, both East Africans and Mozambicans trained abroad, established mosques and argued that local imams were allied to Frelimo and its grabbing of the wealth.
Some of these new mosques provided money to help local people start business and create jobs - and the Islamists argued the society would be fairer under Sharia.
As President Nyusi now admits, this proved attractive.
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It is ironic that Frelimo's independence war began on 25 September 1964 in Chai, just 60km west of Mocimboa da Praia.
Frelimo recruited young fighters with a very similar rhetoric - the Portuguese colonial authorities were taking all the wealth and independence would be more equitable.
Two leaders of the independence war, Alberto Chipande and Raimundo Pachinuapa, are both now 81 years old and are the most powerful men in Cabo Delgado.
They are also both members of the Frelimo Political Commission, the party's key decision-making body. But they face an insurgency which labels them in the same way they labelled the colonisers 55 years ago.
The origins of the new war go back a decade.
In 2009 one of the largest ruby deposits in the world was discovered in Montepuez and initially artisanal miners and local farmers and traders benefitted.
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But the concession was awarded to Mr Pachinuapa in partnership with a major mining company.
Thousands of small miners and farmers in the huge concession area were affected.
Last year, Gemfields agreed to pay £5.8m ($7.5m) to settle a London court case brought by 273 people alleging human rights abuses in the clearing of the land. Its subsidiary, which says it has complied with Mozambican resettlement laws, announced in August that 105 residential houses had been completed for a village that is being relocated.
Then in 2010 one of the largest natural gas fields in Africa was discovered off the coast of Cabo Delgado.
Again members of the elite profited by servicing the gas companies, while local people lost out. Environmental campaign groups like Justica Ambiental say the compensation offered has been inadequate.
Local farmers who grow food with no tools other than a hoe lost their land; fishers with tiny boats or only nets on the beach were pushed out.
Young people with some education who hoped for a life better than their illiterate parents lost those hopes.
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On 17 July 2020 a $14.9bn loan agreement was signed to fund the gas project:
UK Export Finance will guarantee $1bn, which it proudly says will support 2,000 jobs in the UK
The US Export-Import Bank approved a $4.7bn loan, which will support 16,700 US jobs.
The construction project itself will employ only 2,500 Mozambicans.
So more than seven times as many jobs are being created in the US and UK as in Mozambique.
Most of the Mozambican jobs will not be filled by people from Cabo Delgado.
Thus this will not end the feeling of marginalisation and hopelessness of many young men in Cabo Delgado, who will continue to join the insurgents.
The result is a failing, resource-curse state with increasing poverty and inequality, but with profits and jobs for foreign companies and money for key people in government and in Frelimo.
Mozambique is still looking for a military solution. It already has South African mercenaries flying helicopters, and it is talking to South Africa, France, the US and other countries about possible military support - including naval patrols.
But that does not solve the problem of impoverished young men with no hope.
Without redressing the grievance and creating many jobs, the war will continue - and so will the profits.
